Wells and controls

SimpleWell(reservoir_cells; <keyword arguments>)

Set up a simple well.

Note

setup_vertical_well or setup_well are the recommended way of setting up wells.

Fields

• volume

• perforations

• surface

• name

• explicit_dp

MultiSegmentWell(reservoir_cells, volumes, centers;
                N = nothing,
                name = :Well,
                perforation_cells = nothing,
                segment_models = nothing,
                segment_length = nothing,
                reference_depth = 0,
                dz = nothing,
                surface_conditions = default_surface_cond(),
                accumulator_volume = mean(volumes),
                )

Create well perforated in a vector of reservoir_cells with corresponding volumes and cell centers.

Note

setup_vertical_well or setup_well are the recommended way of setting up wells.

Fields

• volumes

• perforations

• neighborship

• top

• centers

• surface

• name

• segment_models

InjectorControl(target, mix, [density])

Well control that specifies injection into the reservoir. target specifies the type of target and mix defines the injection mass fractions for all species in the model during injection.

For example, for a three-component system made up of CO2, H2O and H2, setting [0.1, 0.6, 0.3] would mean that the injection stream would contain 1 part CO2, 6 parts H2O and 3 parts H2 by mass. For an immiscible system (e.g. LiquidPhase(), VaporPhase()) the species corresponds to phases and [0.3, 0.7] would mean a 3 to 7 mixture of liquid and vapor by mass.

The density of the injected fluid at surface conditions is given by density which is defaulted to 1.0 if not given.

See also ProducerControl, DisabledControl.

ProducerControl(target)

Well control for production out of the reservoir. target specifies the type of target (for example BottomHolePressureTarget()).

See also DisabledControl, InjectorControl.

DisabledControl()

Control that disables a well. If a well is disabled, it is disconnected from the surface network and no flow occurs between the well and the top side. Mass transfer can still occur inside the well, and between the well and the reservoir unless perforations are also closed by a PerforationMask.

See also ProducerControl, InjectorControl.

replace_target(ctrl, new_target)

Create new well control using ctrl as a template that operates under new_target.

default_limits(ctrl)

Create reasonable default limits for well control ctrl, for example to avoid BHP injectors turning into producers.

BottomHolePressureTarget(q, phase)

Bottom-hole pressure (bhp) target with target pressure value bhp. A well operating under a bhp constraint will keep the well pressure at the bottom hole (typically the top of the perforations) fixed at this value unless doing so would violate other constraints, like the well switching from injection to production when declared as an injector.

Examples

julia> BottomHolePressureTarget(100e5)
BottomHolePressureTarget with value 100.0 [bar]

SinglePhaseRateTarget(q, phase)

Single-phase well target with value q specified for phase.

Examples

julia> SinglePhaseRateTarget(0.001, LiquidPhase())
SinglePhaseRateTarget of 0.001 [m^3/s] for LiquidPhase()

SurfaceLiquidRateTarget(q)

Well target of specified liquid rate at surface conditions with value q. Typically used for a ProducerControl as you have full control over the mixture composition during injection.

Liquid rate, sometimes abbreviated LRAT, is made up of the phases that remain liquid at surface conditions. Typically, this will be water and oil if present in the model, but never different types of gas. If a producing becomes nearly or completely flooded by gas the well can go to very high or even infinite flows. It is therefore important to combine this control with a limit such as a bottom-hole-pressure constraint.

SurfaceOilRateTarget(q)

Well target of specified oil rate with value q at surface conditions. Typically used for a ProducerControl as oil, for economic reasons, is rarely injected into the subsurface. Abbreviated as ORAT in some settings.

SurfaceGasRateTarget(q)

Well target of specified gas rate with value q at surface conditions.

Often used for both InjectorControl ProducerControl. Abbreviated as GRAT in some settings. If used for production it is important to also impose limits, as the well rate may become very high if there is little gas present.

SurfaceWaterRateTarget(q)

Well target of specified water rate with value q at surface conditions.

Often used for both InjectorControl ProducerControl. If used for production it is important to also impose limits, as the well rate may become very high if there is little water present.

TotalRateTarget(q)

Well target of specified total rate (sum of all phases) with value q at surface conditions.

Often used for both InjectorControl ProducerControl.

HistoricalReservoirVoidageTarget(q, weights)

Historical RESV target for history matching cases. See ReservoirVoidageTarget. For historical rates, the weights described in that target are computed based on the reservoir pressure and conditions at the previous time-step.

ReservoirVoidageTarget(q, weights)

RESV target for history matching cases. The weights input should have one entry per phase (or pseudocomponent) in the system. The well control equation is then:

$|q_{ctrl} - \sum_i w_i q_i^s|$

where $q_i^s$ is the surface rate of phase $i$ and $w_i$ the weight of component stream $i$.

This constraint is typically set up from .DATA files for black-oil and immiscible cases.

DisabledTarget(q)

Disabled target used when a well is under DisabledControl() only. The well will be disconnected from the surface.

mask = PerforationMask(mask::Vector)

Create a perforation mask. This can be passed to setup_forces for a well under the mask argument. The mask should equal the number of perforations in the well and is applied to the reference well indices in a multiplicative fashion. For example, if a well named :Injector has two perforations, the following mask would disable the first perforation and decrease the connection strength for the second perforation by 50%:

mask = PerforationMask([0.0, 0.5])
iforces = setup_forces(W, mask = mask)
forces = setup_reservoir_forces(model, control = controls, Injector = iforces)